Neonatal Ultrasound: Recognizing Anatomical Variants and Age-Related Conditions

Cerebral ultrasound is a valuable, non-invasive imaging technique extensively utilized for evaluating brain anatomy and detecting various diseases in neonates and infants. This method enables precise characterization of common anatomical variants, such as the cavum septum pellucidum, as well as significant conditions like intraventricular hemorrhage. This pictorial review aims to present a comprehensive overview of the key ultrasound features associated with the most prevalent cerebral anatomical variants and disorders that can be identified through cerebral ultrasound. By adopting an age-related approach, this review seeks to enhance the diagnostic skills of non-subspecialized radiologists, equipping them with essential knowledge for accurately interpreting ultrasound images. Understanding these common variants and disorders is crucial for timely diagnosis and intervention, which can significantly improve patient outcomes in this vulnerable population. The review highlights the importance of recognizing normal variations alongside pathological findings, ensuring that radiologists can differentiate between benign anatomical features and clinically significant conditions. Through a systematic presentation of imaging characteristics, this overview serves as a valuable resource for practitioners who may encounter neonatal brain conditions in their practice. Ultimately, by increasing awareness and understanding of the features identifiable through cerebral ultrasound, this review aims to support improved clinical decision-making and enhance the overall care of neonates and infants with neurological concerns.