Gastroschisis, a congenital defect of the abdominal wall, has seen dramatic improvement in survival rates—from a once-fatal diagnosis to a 95% survival rate—thanks to advancements in surgical care over the past six decades. The management of gastroschisis focuses on minimizing risks both before and after birth, including protecting exposed bowel tissue and ensuring effective gastrointestinal recovery. This review covers both preventive and corrective approaches in gastroschisis care, highlighting innovations in neonatal surgery that enhance quality of life and long-term health for affected infants.
Gastroschisis is typically characterized by an abdominal wall opening near the umbilicus, exposing organs without a protective sac. Emerging definitions suggest it may also involve congenital issues affecting colorectal function, with classifications into “simple” and “complex” forms, and rare types such as “variant gastroschisis,” which differs from omphalocele, a related condition often accompanied by genetic anomalies. While environmental factors like young maternal age, substance use, and socioeconomic factors are linked to gastroschisis, its exact cause remains uncertain. Insights from prenatal monitoring and research models provide clues on developmental abnormalities, offering new perspectives on the condition’s origins.
Diagnosis through ultrasound allows careful prenatal planning, enabling deliveries at specialized centers to prevent complications. Postnatal care includes meticulous handling of exposed tissue and stabilization of body temperature, supported by modern interventions such as silastic silo use and a multidisciplinary care team. In surgery, priority is given to safely closing the defect while avoiding bowel damage, with minimally invasive techniques becoming standard. Post-surgery care emphasizes infection prevention, early feeding, and minimizing dependence on total parenteral nutrition.
Despite improved survival, complex cases may face long-term gastrointestinal challenges. Continued research and advances in minimally invasive surgical techniques remain essential to further improve outcomes and support patient-centered care in gastroschisis management.
